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Freed from Prison - New York Times, June 2, 1919

 

The Vertical Phonograph

While outside of the regular time frame for this blog, the information below might be of interest to some.

In the 1930s and early 1940s Jehovah’s witnesses were well known for taking portable phonographs on their house to house calls and playing recordings of J F Rutherford. A whole series of door step introductions were prepared, and longer recordings of convention talks were used for follow-up visits. These recordings were covered in an old article republished on this blog.

https://truthhistory.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-watchtower-ibsa-recordings.html

To assist with “quick off the draw” doorstep presentations, a special phonograph was invented, which could be played closed and upright. Here are a couple of scans from the patent document. The original runs to six pages.

The inventor was John G Kurzen JUNIOR and the patent was filed in 1940, and the model was released at conventions in 1940.

The Kurzen family had a long history with the Watch Tower Society. John G Kurzen SENIOR was John Gottleib Kurzen (1868-1963). He and his wife Ida were full time volunteer workers for the Watch Tower Society for decades. When they died, within months of each other in 1963, their grave marker had both their names and the words JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES in large full capitals on it. It also contained an extract of Revelation 20 v.6, crediting the New World translation.

The grave marker can be viewed here:

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/84157906/john_gottleib_kurzen

This site also contains a very positive obituary for John and Ida as Pioneer ministers from a local newspaper.

John Senior and Ida had three children, a girl and two boys. The two boys, John G Junior (John Godfrey Kurzen) and Russell Kurzen both worked at the Society’s Brooklyn headquarters for decades.

When John G Jr. (the inventor of this special phonograph) died in 1980 he was buried at the Watchtower Farms Cemetery at Wallkill.

Aurora 1917

 

The Aurora Convention was held over August 8-13, 1917 at Fox River Park, Aurora, Illinois. This candid snapshot of a car with the cross and crown pennant at the front features (from left to right), Daniel Toole (1875-1938), John Adam Bohnet (1858-1932), Richard Harvey Barber (1869-1967), Allen Middleton Saphore (1882-1951) and Louie F Zinc (1857-1943). Bohnet is driving; his distinctive bald head covered with a hat.

The tentative program for Aurora as listed in the St Paul Enterprise had Toole, Bohnet and Barker as speakers alongside J F Rutherford and W E Van Amburgh. The program had talks during the daytime and showed the Photodrama in the evenings.

Toole and Zinc were from Canada. Bohnet and Barber both served as Society directors at one point. Saphore and Zinc both later ceased fellowship with the IBSA. Some dates taken from Who’s Who.

For a detailed history of J A Bohnet, see:

https://truthhistory.blogspot.com/2021/02/john-adam-bohnet.html

 

1927 Toronto Convention

My thanks to Tom S. for sharing. You may need to click on the image to see it in its entirety. 

The Korean Mission Field, August 1913.

Sent by Liam C.

AN EXPLANATION.

            Mr. Hollister of the Millenial Dawn Society states that we published “a slanderous statement ” relative to their association, "over Mr. Bonwick's signature without his permission." The article signed by Mr. Bonwick was a printed circular which he prepared at the request of the Tract Society committee, published over his name, and sent to every missionary. We with others received it, and as such printed circulars are considered public property, we reproduced it on the pages of the Field. Mr. Bonwick states to us that the only thing he would wish to change, was the expression “masquerading.” which he would not have used had he expected the letter to appear in the Field. He also states that he did not feel aggrieved at our publishing this paper or he would have notified us of the fact.

            Although Mr. Russell and his followers may not intend to “masquerade,” in the use of the various names under which they propagate their belief, they certainly are likely to mislead, as these names do not indicate in any way the wide difference in teaching. What we consider grave error, goes under names appropriate to accepted truth, and this is the pity of it and probably the reason for Mr. Bonwick expression.

            Mr. Bonwick’s statements we understand, were made on good authority, but Mr. Hollister sends a periodical in which it is asserted that Mr. Russell does not ignore the Holy Spirit in his teaching, and does acknowledge the existence of a kind of Hell. It is not easy to formulate a creed for these teachers, but what they plainly acknowledge and every where proclaim, as their belief about the nature and work of Christ, is enough to put us all on our guard. We are sorry Mr. Hollister feels aggrieved, and would be sorry to misrepresent him, but we are in duty bound to do all that we can to protect our sheep, as good under shepherds, hoping and praying meanwhile, that Mr. Hollister himself may come into clearer light.

The Korean Mission Field - May 1913

 Sent by Liam C. to whom we owe our thanks.

“Millennial Dawn” 

            I have been requested to say a little to you concerning the heresy that is now being pr9omulgated throughout Korea by means of a newspaper entitled “Man Il Po” which is being distributed broadasct, free of charge, by highly paid colporteurs, under the direction of Mr. R. R. Hollister, with offices in Seoul.

            “Millennial Dawnism” was invented by Pastor C. T. Russell of Brooklyn N. Y., in 1874, and masquerades under various titles, such as “People’s Pulpit of Brooklyn,” “Watch Tower and Tract Society,” “Bible House and Tract Society” and “International Bible Students’ Association.” The latter is the name now in use in Korea, the Korean name being 

            These people profess to have a very large circulation of their publications in America and England, and it is evident they mean to attempt the same thing by free distribution in Korea. The first issues are very plausible, but erroneous doctrines can be detected and they already attack, among other matters, the teaching of eternal punishment. That you may be on your guard against this enterprise the following is a summary of the leading false doctrines of Millennial Dawnism, and you can obtain particulars of these in “The Fundamentals” Vol. VII. 106-127. Our Society is now preparing a Tract in Korean on the subject which will be offered for free distribution to those who apply, but of this we will inform you in due course. 

SUMMARY OF THE FALSE DOCTRINES OF MILLENNIAL DAWN. 

1. Christ before His advent was not Divine.

2. When He was in the world He was still not Divine.

3. His atonement was exclusively human, a mere man’s only.

4. Since His resurrection Fie is Divine only, no longer human.

5. His body was not raised from the dead.

6. His Second Advent took place in 1874.

7. The Saints were raised up in 1878.

8. Both Christ and the Saints are now on the earth and have been for 39 and 35 years respectively,

9. The professing Church was rejected by God in 1878.

10. The final consummation and end will take place in 1914.

11. Silence as to the person and work of the Holy Spirit.

12. The destiny of the wicked, annihilation. 

Gerald Bonwick.

1940s

 On ebay. Not mine, but I wish they were.

Korea, 1915

 

The Christian Movement in the Japanese Empire Including Korea and Formosa. A Year Book for 1916.

Korea

            The Government General promulgated a set of regulations concerning religious propagation which went into effect in October 1915. These regulations pertain to the organization of the churches and to the granting of permission to individual as propagandists.

            While the Constitution of Japan guarantees religious freedom yet the propagation of religions of all kinds is conducted under certain laws which are known as “propagation regulations.” These laws have been on the statute books of Japan Proper for a number of years. During the past year the same laws, somewhat amended, were promulgated in Korea. The laws apply equally to Buddhism, Christianity or any other recognized religion. All propagandists must secure “permission” from the Government General before they can propagate religion. This has reference to preachers, missionaries, priests, Bible Women, etc. whose life work is that of propagating religion. It has no intention of putting a limitation upon lay preaching, or personal work of any kind. Full liberty is guaranteed in this respect. At first through misunderstandings some were apprehensive “of an infringement upon the right of the Christian churches to appoint their own officers and decide upon their qualifications,” but after full and free conferences, which were willingly given by the Government officials, to persons officially reprinting the Federal Council of Missions, these apprehensions were allayed. It was recognized that it is “not the intention or aim of this ordinance to infringe upon the rights and privileges hereto enjoyed by the Christian Churches in Chosen, either officer or in their work of evangelization.”

            These regulations will curb the formation of societies which may be organized in the name of religion, but whose real object may be political or otherwise. These regulations also may be of value in keeping out of the country such “isms’ as Mormonism, Russellism, Mohammedanism and the like.

1919 and AI

 

With thanks to Leroy and AI (artificial intelligence), here are the 1919 convention speakers as you may not have seen them before. Click on the picture to see.

If you want to identify all those in the picture, check back here:

https://truthhistory.blogspot.com/2024/03/speakers-at-1919-convention.html

Morning Resolve Postcard

Currently on ebay for more money than I can spare. Enjoy:

Old Guy's Memories

 We traveled to the 1953 Convention via auto, an old 1939 Packard that got us there and back, but died the day we returned home. We stayed in the "Tent City" for two days. One of the sisters who traveled with us had an allergic reaction to the farm environment. (Several others did too. One young girl and her brothers crawled into a forested area on the fringe of the trailer park and  discovered she had crawled through a mass of poison ivy. To her embarrassment, her mother treated her with calamine and some medication in a rather public place.)

We let an unprepared family use our tent, finding a hotel room through the rooming department. We stayed one night. During that night a sister was raped in a hallway. Other badness happened too. So off to rooming again. A new hotel, rather old but clean and well kept. The owner was very welcoming, and I placed booklets with him, leaving enough for all the hotel's staff. The only problem was an adventure in the elevator. Understand that this was not driven by buttons, but required an elevator operator. He pushed the control level forward but the elevator went down. Eventually, he forced the door open and a chair was lowered into the car so we could climb out. This adventure was caused by a loose connection.

The program was recorded on tape; still worth listening to. I won't elaborate, but you can find youtube videos from that convention. We met several of the Bethel brothers: Knorr, Franz, Covington, Macmillan, and some of the new missionaries whose names escape me now.

Below is a newspaper cutting showing the Trailer City. This is courtesy of Tom S.

A Thin Seventh Volume

     

One edition of Studies in the Scriptures that is particularly collectable is the 7^th volume The Finished Mystery in its printings from 1927 onward. This was much thinner than previous editions, because half of the original contents were now omitted.

     The forward in this printing is particularly interesting because it only mentions the work of Pastor Russell and C J Woodworth.

     The original full-size 7^th volume not only covered the book of Revelation, as compiled by Clayton J Woodworth, but also the book of Ezekiel as compiled by George H Fisher. Fisher and Woodworth had been long time friends and worked on the project in the first half of 1917. Both were imprisoned as part of the Brooklyn Eight in 1918-1919. However, things changed in the 1920s and Fisher became distanced from the IBSA. (See the letter J F Rutherford wrote him as reproduced in full in the Golden Age for March 25, 1925, page 409.)

     Fisher died in July 1926 and The New Era Enterprise carried a brief obituary in its issue for August 1926. His work on Ezekiel was now omitted from the 7^th volume. However, the whole volume was soon to be replaced by five new books - two on Revelation (Light volumes 1 and 2 in 1930) and three on Ezekiel (Vindication, volumes 1-3 in 1931-1932).

1914 Convention

 Another amazing image from Tom S.'s amazing archive. 

J. F. Rutherford in Philadelphia [1917] ... And others

 Our thanks to Tom S. and Raymond S. for these images. The first is a rare handbill from 1917.

The following is from July 20, 1913. A newspaper report is found in

Photo Drama Ticket - Stockton, California

Russell's Round-the-World Tour

Guest post by Liam C.

Part 1 of 2

     Many readers of this blog who are interested in Bible Student History and who like me spend too much time on the internet, may have come across a series of photos related to the I.B.S.A. Foreign Mission Investigation and World Tour. What is the story behind these photos? Below is my best attempt at answering this question.

     The photos are held at the Library of Congress in the George Grantham Bain Collection. George Grantham Bain was a New York photographer who also founded the first news photography service, Bain News, in 1898. He was:

     “A visionary who saw the potential of coupling photographs with words in newspapers and magazines, his news photo service focused on people and events, from politics to sports, disasters to celebrations. The Bain News Service accumulated photographs of worldwide coverage, which were distributed to various newspapers and were enhanced by receiving local pictures from its subscribers as part of their reimbursement” (i).

     The Library of Congress purchased the Bain collection in 1948 from D.J. Culver and thankfully made them available with no known restrictions on publication. Included in the Bain photographs are 39,744 glass negatives three of which are below:

     Although exactly how the Russell photographs came to be acquired by Bain is unknown, the fact that they are included in such a prestigious collection is perhaps a testament to Russell's popularity at the time and the widespread appeal of the Bible Student message.

     Photos in the Bain collection do not include much background information. However a bit of detective work actually reveals when and where the Russell photos were taken. In the margins of two of the above photos is the date (shown as 9/25/11 in reverse). The significance of this date can be found in the below extract from the January 1, 1912 Watch Tower, an issue entirely dedicated to publicising the world tour. Speaking of events in the year 1911 it says:

     By further comparing details from these photos with pictures of the original Waldorf Astoria's famed rooftop garden, it is almost certain that this is where these photos were taken. I have written to the Waldorf Astoria archives and can update this post if any additional information turns up.

     It’s kinda cool to envision that meeting, surrounded by the elegance of the Waldorf Astoria’s rooftop, with Russell and company laying out the blueprint for what would become an unforgettable four-month global expedition.

     What else can be known about the background of this legendary Round-the-World Tour? Read part 2.

 

Part 2 of 2

     A deeper dive into Russell’s Round-the-World Tour should probably start with a brief discussion of the Layman’s Missionary Movement and the Protestant missionary fields in the last few decades of the nineteenth century which at the time were filled with confidence and optimism.

     The Evangelization of the World in this Generation by John R. Mott, page 1 & 2 describes how in 1886 a movement arose among students primarily in the United States, Canada, Great Britain and Ireland that would eventually be attributed with adding 20,000 volunteers to the foreign missionary endeavour, therefore accelerating missionary work around the world. This movement called the Student Volunteer Movement (SVM) inspired Protestant leaders to create institutions to offer financial support.

     One of these institutions was the Layman’s Missionary Movement (LMM). Between the years 1909-1910 The LMM arranged a series of three to four day conventions held in more then 50 cities averaging well over 1,000 in attendance. While the students of the SVM had adopted the slogan “The Evangelization of the World in this Generation”, The LMM took this further and advertised their conventions with the slogan “$30,000,000 to Convert the World” (ii) & (iii)

     This slogan caught Russell’s attention. Russell was somewhat sympathetic to the missionary cause and even once recalled how as a boy of seven years of age he told his mother that he wanted to be a missionary (iv). As he developed the unique interpretation of scripture known to readers of this blog, his missionary aspirations were adjusted to fit his overall understanding of God’s plan as revealed in scripture. Part of this understanding was that the mainstream Christianity of his day was not a model of Christ’s kingdom but had been judged unworthy of it. Therefore converting people of non-Christian lands to this form of Christianity would be counterproductive. He pointed out that doctrines such as the “conviction that there is no hope for any who die in ignorance of the only name whereby we must be saved” (v). when thought through, were abhorrent to people of non-Christian backgrounds, as they offered no hope for their ancestors or family members that had not accepted Christ. He further saw in the Scriptures a future age following Christ’s Advent, where all who died in ignorance of Christ would be given another chance, without question a more hopeful view. Russell’s criticism of mission work included the observation that missionary successes were often overstated and that behavior of people in “Christian” lands was anything but Christian while non-Christian peoples were more moral than supposed.

     Russell’s response to the Layman’s Missionary Movement came in July 1911 with the article “$30,000,000 to Convert the World is the Proposition a Joke?” (vi). In this article Russell references the LMM and lays out his criticism of mission work, contrasting it with the early successes of his own missionaries in India and Africa. But he didn't stop there. Several months later at the annual Bible Students convention at Mountain Lake Park, Maryland, September 1-11, 1911 a committee was formed to “supply an unvarnished report of the true condition of affairs in Oriental lands amongst the peoples usually termed “heathens”.(vii). This was followed on September 25 by the committees first meeting at the Waldorf Astoria as discussed in Part 1. This committee was named the I.B.S.A. Foreign Mission Investigation Committee.

     To be sure, one goal of this tour and subsequent report was to assess the feasibility of the claim made by the LMM. Russell had other reasons for travelling to foreign mission fields at this time though. One of the conclusions drawn from the framework by which he saw the Bible’s message was that during the unique time period him and like minded Bible students were living through, they were tasked with gathering from the churches of nominal Christianity any remaining saints, a responsibility which they worked diligently to accomplish. But what of the growing number of Christians living in traditionally non-Christian lands that due to distance or language barriers had not heard the Bible Student message? Seeing conditions first hand would help him decide whether directing further resources there was warranted.

     The  I.B.S.A. Foreign Mission Investigation Committee would come to include chairman Charles Taze Russell, secretary Fredrick Homer Robison/Robinson (called Professor). Doctor Leslie Whitney Jones (1872-1946), Adjutant General of the United States Army, William Preble Hall (1848-1927), Washington D.C., grocery store chain owner John Donaldson Pyles (1857-1943) and two well known Ohio businessmen Robert Bowie Maxwell (1840-1912) of Mansfield and Ernest W.V. Kuehn (1863-1925) of Toledo, whose business dealings earned him the moniker “great clover-seed merchant”. Also added were unofficial members Ingram I. Margeson (1871-1935) who acted as director, George F. Wilson (1857-1945) and wife Olivia E. Wilson (1864-1957) of Oklahoma City and George Chester Driscoll, who for the first half of the trip traveled several weeks ahead of the group to assist with press and any other arrangements that needed to be made.

Foreign Mission Investigation Committee (minus G C Driscoll) pictured with a group of Japanese gentlemen associated with the Japan Y.M.C.A. including Kuninosuke Yamamoto (back row far right). Picture from 1912 Bible Students' Convention Souvenir Notes, page 22. 

     Further details about the tour can be found in the 1912 Bible Students’ Conventions Souvenir Notes and the Committee Report published in the Watch Tower April 15, 1912.

End notes

ⁱ "George Grantham Bain," Legends of America, accessed January 28, 2025, https://www.legendsofamerica.com/george-grantham-bain/

^[ii] A more detailed discussion of the SVM and LMM can be found in Dawson, David. “Mission and Money in the Early Twentieth Century.” The Journal of Presbyterian History (1997-) 80, no. 1 (2002): 29–42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23336304.

^[iii] An example can be found in the New York Times December, 13, 1909

^[iv] Zions Watch Tower, June 15, 1899 page 2489

^[v] Zions Watch Tower August 15, 1901, page 264

^[vi] The Watch Tower, July 1, 1911, page 202-204

^[vii] Report on Foreign Mission Work, International Bible Students Association, April 15, 1912, page 123

Photo Drama Card

 My thanks to Tom S. who sent this photo to me.

Peoples' Temple, Los Angeles, California, Courtesy of Tom S.

Millions Now Living Talk Invitation

My thanks to Tom S for sending.

 

Translation Help

 Please translate this card.

Local Convention 1921

 Tom S. sent me a mass of material for which I am very thankful. This is a handbill for a local convention. There were many of these in the 1920s; they're mentioned and described in some detail in The New Era Enterprise. 

The Gamut Club

Front

 Reverse

Tom S. has a long history with the Watchtower Society as did his father before him. I wish more would contribute material to my blog and by all means consider donating to the Society's museum collection. Follow the instructions if you decide to do that. Contact them first.

Ready for Work

 This photo is for sale on ebay. It is, of course, way past the era we cover here, but it is interesting. The brothers and sisters and children stand outside a Kingdom Hall in a rented store front. I remember meeting in rented space before we built our first Kingdom Hall. Comments and thoughts are welcome.

Another photo from the same ebay group, showing a sister with her phonograph. It was taken in St. Helens, Oregon.

We get comments...

    

This blog invites comments on historical matters, but sometimes receives responses of a highly negative nature. These normally just get deleted; people who want to criticise or debate can no doubt find homes elsewhere. But a recent comment on an old post that I wrote back in 2012 prompted this post. It is to clarify a couple of things that crop up from time to time related to Joseph Lytle Russell and Emma Ackley and their marriage.

    I am not going into great detail – researchers can check matters out for themselves and most points have already been covered in the past on this blog.

    The post is:

    https://truthhistory.blogspot.com/2012/02/marriage-of-joseph-lytel-russell-and.html

    It establishes that over a year after CTR and Maria married, JLR and Emma were still single but living in the Russell household. The census return for their street, Cedar Avenue, is dated June 14, 1880.

    There are four occupants of the house, C T Russel (sic), married, occupation: merchant; Maria F, married, wife, keeps house; J L, widowed, father, occupation: merchant; and E H Ackley, single, sister (step), occupation: at home.

    (The relationship entry for Emma in the schedule is incorrect. Her relationship to the head of the household at this time is sister-in-law.)

    The issues raised in the comment are basically threefold.

1.      Did Joseph and Emma ever marry?

2.      What was going on in that house with four of them there?

3.      The difference in ages between Joseph and Emma.

    The comment starts with: “I’m good at genealogical investigations and I cannot find any record that indicates that Joseph Russell and Emma Ackley married.”

    I would agree there is no apparent record. But there is a good reason for that. The State of Pennyslvania did not require marriages to be officially registered until 1885, and “common law” marriages continued to be “common” for years thereafter. If you married before then, generally your immediately family would know, but no-one else would unless you put it in the newspaper or had legal matters to attend to. If you wanted a “quiet” wedding, it really was quiet.

    To illustrate the situation, perhaps readers can find an official document for CTR and Maria’s marriage? Like Joseph and Emma’s, it is not there. But we know about them because they chose to put an announcement in the local paper and CTR was sufficiently well known in Allegheny for it to make a short paragraph in the papers. Both the Pittsburgh Gazette and Pittsburgh Post (March 14, 1879) carry news of the marriage at the home of Maria’s mother the day before with J H Paton officiating.

    As an aside, this lack of documentation did not just apply to marriages. You will not find a primary source for J F Rutherford’s birth. When he needed to renew a passport, his mother Lenora, had to extract a reference from a family Bible and sign an affidavit to that effect. There were no other records extant.

    Returning to Emma, when it came to JLR’s last will and testament, part was disputed by Emma who believed that as his wife she should have inherited more. In all the legal documents on the case he is the husband and she is the wife. Joseph’s obituary found in several newspapers calls her his wife. You can check the details if you are so minded.

    The second criticism is that it was strange for the four to all be in the same house. The writer makes all manner of salacious accusations against both Joseph L and Charles T in that same household, without a shred of evidence.

    I am not going to even dignify this with comments, other than to say that I see no problem with the four people living under the same roof in the snapshot of June 1880 for Cedar Avenue. I’ve visited the Cedar Avenue houses. They are large. Years later Maria was able to take in a number of lodgers in one.

    Why were they in the same home? Well, why not? CTR and Maria were close at this time, committed to their religious work. Emma and Maria were very close and would spend the last decades of their lives together. CTR and his father Joseph were very close. There would be nothing surprising about them being under the same roof at some point, and that may even have led to the two unattached becoming a married couple. As already noted the house in Cedar Avenue was large with plenty of space.

    We do not know how long they were all at the same address. The census is a snapshot of one day, June 14, but one can assume that any marriage came quite soon after that date since Emma’s daughter Mabel appears to have been conceived around December that year.

    The December date comes from Mabel’s birth date in September 1881, and that can be confirmed from her marriage certificate when she married Richard Packard in 1903. It gives her birth date as September 1881 but does not give the actual day. If she was born in September 1881, then obviously she was conceived around December 1880. That would be 5-6 months after she and Joseph were living under CTR’s roof while both single. That gives us a window of a few months for a marriage.

    We might here note that to try and bolster the slurs made against Charles and Joseph, the writer comments on the period June-December 1880 with the statement: “That does not leave a lot of time for the two (Joseph and Emma) to fall madly in love and wed.” What sort of logic is that? Who is to say they didn’t “fall in love” some time before the census, and were at the same address on census night planning the wedding for the following week? We just don’t know. We certanly have no basis for filling in the gaps to support an obvious negative program.

    When married, and after a baby came along it would make more sense for them all to look for separate homes, but even then, they were near each other until Joseph, Emma and Mabel went to Florida.

    The suggestion that there was something bad about all of this is a large leap of imagination with an obvious agenda. They were all close at the time. It is very sad what happened later.

    The third criticism that is dredged up yet again is the disparity in ages. Why would a woman in her 20s want to marry a man in his 60s?

    Don’t be too critical about other people’s decisions.  Just look around in the world of entertainment and politics, the same thing occurs today. As it happens, the same has happened in my own extended family. But back in the 1880s an obvious reason for a woman was to be provided with stablity and financial security. That is something I venture the Ackley girls were always concerned about by their later actions. And as a potential bonus, Emma was able to have a child, which may have been very important to her.

    So, whoever wrote the comment, please leave the sordid speculation alone. And if you can’t do that, just don’t send it here.

Help!

 I need help with my young adult book. The text is done, but I can't seem to create my cover. I want to use a previous cover, one used on a rough draft printout. But nothing is working for me, probably because I'm currently on very potent prescriptions.

Any volunteers?

The issue has been resolved. Thanks

Talk Invitation c. 1920-22

 Currently on ebay. No I do not profit from this. It's just interesting.

Russell's Newspaper Sermons

 Newspapers started carrying Russell's sermons in 1903. I won't discuss all the issues surrounding this enterprise, but it is interesting that The Homiletic Review of May 1903 recommended one as presenting a topic other clergy might want to use.

Appointed Times of the Nations [Gentile Times]

 This, with an American publication from the same year, is the earliest mention of 2520 years as the length of the Gentile Times. This 1798 booklet is in the British Museum collection.