Jehovah’s
Witnesses: Continuity and Change
by George
Chryssides
A Review by R. M.
de Vienne, PhD.
Chryssides’ new book sets the
standard for generalist studies of Jehovah’s Witnesses. It is free of polemic,
largely accurate and well written. Its outline is orderly and easy to follow. In
these respects it is superior to almost every book written about the Bible
Student and Witness movements since 1920. This is especially true when compared
to ‘studies’ written by those with ‘academic credentials.’ Chryssides book isn’t
colored by the ignorant sectarianism of Gruss. It is vastly more informed than
Stroup’s sloppy research; it avoids the condescending, human-progress point of
view found in Elmer Clark’s Small Sects. And I believe it is more
informed that Beckford’s Trumpet of Prophecy.
Chryssides
did not have access to Separate Identity while preparing his manuscript,
so he was unfamiliar with Russell’s immersion into Age-to-Come belief or how
Literalist/Age-to-Come doctrine differs from Millerite Adventism. He
occasionally confuses Millenarianism with Adventism, leaving chapter two
slightly flawed and weak.
Writing of J. A. Brown’s role in
Watchtower history, he says: “Neither Russell nor Barbour mention Brown ...
Probably he was not known to these to leaders.” If Russell knew of Brown, I’d
be surprised. However Wellcome suggests that Barbour did, and Barbour was
familiar with a vast array of prophetic literature. Chryssides says that the
earliest published attempt at predictive chronology was John Aquila Brown’s Even
Tide. This is inaccurate. Bengal, Newton and many others preceded Brown. An
examination of Froom’s Prophetic Faith shows this. Chryssides is
confused about Brown’s occupation, noting that he is sometimes described as a
silversmith and sometimes as a clergyman. He was a silversmith. His will and
court documents make this clear.
Chryssides calls Elias Smith “an
early Adventist.” He was not. He was a Literalist, a Millenarian. He did not
teach characteristic Millerite doctrine. Chryssides suggests that Barbour ‘discovered’
Bowen’s chronology in the British Library. He consulted it to refresh his
memory. It was not a new discovery. Elliott’s Horae in which it is found
was a familiar work.
He calls Stetson and Storrs
Adventists. This was true enough at one period in their lives, but not at all
true when Russell met them. When Russell met them, both were advocating
Literalist doctrine and writing for Age-to-Come journals. Both were actively
opposed by Adventists.
Chryssides suggests that Barbour was
born in Louisiana. He confuses a Confederate veteran of similar name with
Nelson Barbour who was born in Throopsville, New York. Barbour had no
connection to the American South, but descended from a colonial era Connecticut
family.
On page 48, Chryssides suggests that
Russell’s doctrines were derived from Adventism. As we demonstrate in Separate
Identity, none of his ideas derive from Adventism. On page 51 he suggests
that Barbour sent Russell a letter in 1876. Barbour sent Russell his magazine
in December 1875. There is no suggestion that he enclosed a letter. Russell’s account
of events suggests that he did not, and that it was Russell who first wrote to
Barbour. On page 52, citing Maurice Barnett, Chryssides writes of W. H. Conley:
“He is said to have donated $40,000 for the publication of Russell’s Food
for Thinking Christians.” Relying on secondary web sources is nearly always
a bad idea. Original documents say that Conley donated $4000, not $40,000. The
bulk of the forty thousand dollars poured into circulation of Food came
from Russell’s pocket. I should note too that Stetson died at his own home, not
at the Conley’s residence.
The use of the descriptor “pioneers”
(page 54) is an anachronism.
On page 56 Chryssides suggests
Russell abandoned commercial printing in 1880 and “purchased his own printing
house.” Watch Tower publications were printed commercially into the 1920s.
Russell originated the imprint Tower Publishing Company, later donating it with
all the copyrights to Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society.
On page 56 we find the suggestion
that John Corbin Sunderlin and Joseph Jacob Bender traveled to the UK together
in 1881. Bender was sent later to replace the ill Sunderlin.
On page 57 he suggests that Russell
moved his operation to Brooklyn seeking larger, better quarters. He omits
issues connected with Russell’s divorce which, despite Russellite assertions to
the contrary, seem to be the primary reason for the move.
This may seem like a daunting and
debilitating list of errors. It’s not. One can turn page after page and nod
agreement to what one finds there. Chryssides handles “the scandals” without
hyperbole or polemics. He considers Miracle Wheat, the Russell marriage, the
von Zech issues and the 1908-1909 schism reasonably and accurately. The
1917-1918 schism is presented with equal clarity. The huge volume of material
related to the Olin Moyle incident is digested and fairly presented. His
account of the 1933 Declaration of Facts addressed to Hitler is stellar.
However, neither Chryssides nor Penton seem to be familiar with the details of the
Watchtower’s shifting doctrine regarding the Jewish nation. Of the two
presentations, Chryssides’ account is the better.
The section on The New World
Translation is very well done. However, he takes Mantey’s scolding letter at
face value. It is a seriously flawed, misleading letter. Mantey claims work that
belonged to the original author of The Manual Grammar of the Greek New
Testament, a paragraph to which Mantey contributed nothing. Chryssides does
not address the reasons for Watchtower intellectual “disconnect” when using
Greber’s translation. Yet one sees it in other areas. I would, have used this
as an occasion to point to flawed Watchtower research in the 1960s that
included citing a publisher as an author and not consulting publications afresh
but simply re-quoting from previously published citations. This is not a flaw
in Chryssides’ book. It’s just my preference.
Chapter eight, “Ethics and
Lifestyle,” is particularly well done. Chapter nine, “Worship and Rites of
Passage,” notes Watchtower use of A. Hislop’s The Two Babylons without
noting that Watchtower writers have for some time seen it as seriously flawed.
Chryssides says (page 200) that rejection of birthdays came from Hislop. This
is arguably incorrect, though Two Babylons was used to support that
view. He attributes an annual Memorial Celebration (communion) to Adventist
influence. In fact it is a centuries old tradition and came to Russell through his
Age-to-Come connections, not Adventism.
Chapter eleven examines changes in
Watchtower doctrines, which were sometimes dogmatically stated and dogmatically
retracted. This is a very well-done, accurate chapter. Many who are sympathetic
to the Watchtower but puzzled by dogmatism in areas where caution would be the
better course will find much of interest. This chapter comments on pedophilia
issues. Finally, a rational statement from someone.
While I believe it necessary to
point out some flaws, I restate my opening point. This is an exceptional book,
well worth the time spent reading it (four times.) It is impossible, or nearly
so, to write a book like this and not have errors appear. That some have appeared
in this book does not remove it from serious consideration by anyone
interested in religious movements such as Jehovah’s Witnesses. It is very expensive.
Hopefully a cheaper, revised edition awaits us in the future.
When H. G. Wells’ Outline of
History was published, specialist historians praised the book, often adding
that he should have elaborated on their areas of specialty. I’ve tried to
resist doing that here. I don’t write generalist history, but detail-laden,
narrowly-focused history. If Dr. Schulz and I live long enough to carry our
history into the Rutherford era, we will consult Jehovah’s Witnesses:
Continuity and Change.
One last pick: The bibliography
lists John Storrs. It’s George Storrs.
11 comments:
At risk of flattering the authors of this blog, I am sure that nobody can match knowledge of the finer details of the earliest Bible Student history like Schultz, de Vienne and Jerome. Perhaps we can be sympathetic then to those that have called the original Bible Students 'Adventists' since, as Crimson Rose has recently illustrated, even some contemporaries of Russell thought (wrongly) that he was an Adventist.
This and a few minor glitches apart, I agree that Chryssides' 'Continuity and Change' is particularly detailed, well researched and informative, and several steps above any previous work I have read about Jehovah's Witnesses by a scholar of new religious movements.
Son of Ton
I'm perfectly willing to be flattered. And thanks.
Sha'el:
Thank you for the review. I think I will try to get a copy of the book. Thanks for bringing it to our attention!
Andrew
Hello Sha'el,
Yes thank you for taking the time for this review, and pointing out some of the historical inaccuracies made. I have a quick question, you state "In these respects it is superior to almost every book written about the Bible Student and Witness movements since 1920." I was hoping you could clarify if another work was printed in 1920 that I am unaware of?
Thank you for any details you can give here.
Respectfully,
Christopher Gross
The 1920 date is approximate. I had in mind H. Sheldon's Russell's Ventures in Adventism (1922) and S. J. Case's The Millennial Hope. (1916)
...and there I was, thinking you were referring to W H Wisdom's "Memoirs of Pastor Russell"... (insert inappropriate smiley face...)
Thanks to Rachael and Chris. I will buy the book
Thanks for this review of Chryssides work.
Last week I were in a congress at Belgium about JWs. It was an interesting one. There were several presentations about JWs history in Belgium, Baltic States, Italy, France...
Mr. Chryssides was there, and also other known researchers as Dericquebourg, Barbey, Blandre, Knox, Baran, Furuli, etc.
But almost no one seemed to know Bruce and Rachael books. Only three persons mentioned your book about Russell, and only one of them also mentioned your book about Barbour. I was one of these three persons and I could say at that forum that your books gave a new vision that, at least, can be taken into consideration, and that, at least also, must be analysed or criticized.
The historical vision that academical researchers have is still a traditional one.
Miquel Angel
Dear Miguel,
I'll send a pdf copy to any 'serious' researcher who wants it. If you contact any of these people in the future, tell them that. An email to me will receive a prompt reply.
O.K. I will try to send your offer to some of the researchers attended the congress
Miquel Angel
Rachael, please, remember me your mail, sorry.
Send to mapnebm@gmail.com
Miquel
Post a Comment